peduncular hallucination

peduncular hallucination
   Also known as peduncular hallucinosis, pedunculopontine hallucinosis, Lhermitte's hallucinosis, Lhermitte syndrome, *brainstem hallucination, and mesencephalic hallucinosis. The eponyms Lhermitte's hallucinosis and Lhermitte syndrome refer to the French psychiatrist Jean-Jacques Lhermitte (1877-1959), who is credited with being the first to describe the concomitant phenomenon in 1922. The eponym Lhermitte syndrome was introduced in or shortly before 1936 by the Swiss neurologist Georges de Morsier (1894-1982). The term peduncular hallucination is indebted to the Latin noun pedunculus,which means stalk or stem. It refers to a stalk-like connecting structure in the upper brainstem called the pedunculus cerebri. The term peduncular hallucination and its synonyms are used to denote a vivid type of hallucination, often *visual or * compound in nature, the mediation of which is attributed to aberrant neuronal discharges in or around the rostral brainstem. The term peduncular hallucination was introduced in or shortly before 1924 by the Belgian neuropathologist Ludo van Bogaert (1897-1989). In 1922, Lhermitte had published a paper on dreamlike perceptual phenomena occurring in waking subjects suffering from rostral brainstem pathology. In 1924 and 1927, van Bogaert described a series of similar cases to which he gave the name peduncular hallucination. Peduncular hallucinations have historically been envisaged as complex, lively, and often brightly coloured visual hallucinations which may last for seconds to several hours. They often consist of people (typically but not always described as walking in file), faces (i.e. *facial hallucinations), animals (i.e. *zoopsia), and landscapes. The hallucinations in question can be realistic, distorted, or fantastic in nature, and appear in a regular or a miniature format (i.e. *microptic hallucinations). Pathophysiologically, they are believed to occur as a consequence of lesions or functional aberrations within the pedunculus cerebri (previously designated as the brain's dream centre), the midbrain, pons, or diencephalon. More specifically, they are believed to correlate with a dysfunction of the third nerve nucleus, the red nucleus, the superior colliculus, the periaqueductal grey matter, the substantia nigra, and the pulvinar. Some authors suggest that peduncular hallucinations are typically accompanied by a sleep disturbance, whereas others attribute them exclusively to the neuroanatomical lesions themselves. De Morsier has been credited with expanding the scope of the notion of peduncular hallucination to include hallucinatory percepts attributed to thalamic lesions. Etiologically, peduncular hallucinations are associated with any type of pathology capable of affecting said structures, including infectious disease, vascular disease, vascular malformations, and neoplasms. They have also been reported in the context of paroxysmal neurological disorders such as migraine and epilepsy, in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of * schizophrenia or dementia, in multiple sclerosis, in the context of traumatic brain lesions, as a consequence of iatrogenic lesions caused by regional surgery or angiography, and as side effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic medication. A type of hallucination considered closely akin to the peduncular hallucination (i.e. in a conceptual and patho-physiological sense) is known as *brainstem auditory hallucinosis. In addition, a relationship has been suggested with visual hallucinations occurring in the context of * Charles Bonnet syndrome, and with the groups of *lilliputian and * gulliverian hallucinations (i.e. visual or compound hallucinations depicting people or animals of a disproportinally small or large size). Because of its emphasis on the involvement of a specific brain structure (i.e. the pedunculus cerebri or one of its surrounding midbrain structures), the peduncular hallucinosis model may be classified as a * topological model of hallucinatory activity.
   References
   ffytche, D.H. (2007). Visual hallucinatory syndromes: Past, present, and future. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 173-189.
   Leo, R.J., Stievater Ahrens, K. (1999). Visual hallucinations in mild dementia. A rare occurrence of Lhermitte's hallucinosis. Psycho-somatics, 40, 360-363.
   Lhermitte, J. (1922). Syndrome de la calotte du pédoncule cérébral. Les troubles psychosensoriels dans les lésions du mésocéphale. Revue Neurologique, 2, 1359-1365.
   Noda, S., Mizoguchi, M., Yamamoto, A. (2003). Thalamic experiential hallucinosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 56, 1224-1226.
   Van Bogaert, L. (1927). L'hallucinose pédoncu-laire. Revue Neurologique, 47, 608-617.

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  • peduncular hallucinosis —    see peduncular hallucination …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • Hallucination — For other uses, see Hallucination (disambiguation). Hallucination Classification and external resources My eyes at the moment of the apparitions by August Natterer …   Wikipedia

  • Brainstem hallucination —    A term suggested in 1991 by the American neurologist C. Miller Fisher (b. 1910) to replace the older term * peduncular hallucination. More specifically, Miller proposes to use the term brain stem hallucination as an umbrella term for a… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • complex hallucination —    A term used to denote a phenomenologically rich and often well organized type of hallucination that is confined to a single sensory modality. Theoretically, complex hallucinations may present in any of the sensory modalities. It is customary,… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • lilliputian hallucination —    A term used to denote a hallucination featuring miniature individuals, animals, objects, or fantasy figures. The notion of lilliputian hallucination constitutes the logical and conceptual counterpart of the gulliverian hallucination. Both… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • gulliverian hallucination —    Also known as brobdingnagian hallucination. Both terms denote a *macroptic hallucination depicting one or more disproportionally large human figures, either in isolation or embedded in an environment of regular proportions. The gulliverian… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • visual hallucination —    Also referred to as vision. Both terms are indebted to the Latin noun visio, which means sight. They are used to denote a hallucination of sight. Historically, visual hallucinations have been divided into a multitude of types. Using their… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • facial hallucination —    Also known as face hallucination. Both terms are used to denote a * complex visual hallucination depicting one or more faces of humans, humanoid beings, animals, or fantasy creatures. The hallucinated faces may be realistic, but may also have… …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • Lhermitte syndrome —    see peduncular hallucination.    References    Lhermitte, J. (1951). Les hallucinations. Clinique et physiopathologie. Paris: G. Doin …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

  • Lhermitte's hallucinosis —    see peduncular hallucination …   Dictionary of Hallucinations

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